Bible Belt Religion: Conservative Protestants in America

Religious Studies 530

Professor John Schmalzbauer

Office: Strong Hall 263

Email: jas714f@smsu.edu

Phone: 836-5918

 

In recent years, journalists and pundits have written about the divide between “red states” and “blue states,” conservative evangelicals and liberal secularists, bi-coastal elites and “Middle America.” Much of this coverage has focused on the conservative religious and political orientation of the American South.  While many treatments of “red state” conservatism have been based on regional and religious stereotypes, the heightened focus on geographical divisions has raised important questions about the relationship between religion and place.  In an effort to bring scholarly rigor to the discussion, this course focuses on two aspects of American religious life:

1) Conservative Evangelical Protestantism; and 2) Southern Religion(s).  Drawing on the fields of American religious history and the sociology of religion it focuses on the evolution and development of conservative Protestantism in the “Bible Belt.”

 

In this course, you will:

 

1.       Learn about the origins and development of the “Bible Belt” as a region and an idea

2.       Explore the history and sociology of evangelicalism inside and outside of the South

3.       Understand the relationship between religion and race in Southern culture

4.       Investigate the role of conservative evangelical religion in the Ozarks

5.       Understand the religious background to contemporary divisions in American politics

 

Required Readings

1) Jon Boles, The Great Revival: Beginnings of the Bible Belt (University Press of Kentucky. 1996).

 

2) Grant Wacker, Heaven Below: Early Pentecostals and American Culture (Harvard University Press, 2003)

 

3) Paul Harvey, Freedom’s Coming: Religious Culture and the Shaping of the South From the Civil War Through the Civil Rights Era (University of North Carolina Press, 2005).

 

4) Charles Reagan Wilson, Judgment and Grace in Dixie: Southern Faiths from Faulkner to Elvis (University of Georgia Press, 1997)

 

5) D.G. Hart, That Old-Time Religion in Modern America: Evangelical Protestantism in the Twentieth Century (Ivan R. Dee, 2002)

 

6) James Ault, Spirit and Flesh: Life in a Fundamentalist Baptist Church (Knopf, 2004)

 

7) Christian Smith, Christian America?  What Evangelicals Really Want (University of California Press, 2002).

 

8) William Lindsey and Mark Silk, Religion and Public Life in the Southern Crossroads: Showdown States (AltaMira Press, 2004)

 

Web Readings and Handouts: These are an essential part of the class.  They are not optional.

Attendance Policy:  Attendance is required at all class meetings.  The only acceptable excuses for absences are emergencies, official university activities (with a written excuse) or illness (please contact the instructor in such cases).  Please be punctual because our time is limited. 

 

Class Participation (50 points): Students will be evaluated on their participation in class discussions.  Students will be assessed on their familiarity with the readings and the quality of their comments.

 

Discussion Questions (50 points):  Twice in the semester, each student will be required to come up with four focusing questions for class discussion.  Two of the questions must relate to specific passages in the readings.  Sign up for a time slot during the first week of classes.

 

Paper #1: (100 Points) Analysis of Pentecostal Periodical Article

Students will write a 6-8 page paper analyzing an article from the online periodical archives of the Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center of the Assemblies of God.  The goal of the paper will be to make sense of the article using Grant Wacker’s Heaven Below and/or Margaret Poloma’s “Charisma and Structure in the Assemblies of God.” Due Friday September 23 in class.  See separate handout.

 

Paper #2: (100 Points) Observations from Fundamentalist Church Visit

Students will write a 6-8 page paper reporting on observations of a local fundamentalist church service.  The goal of the paper will be to relate first-hand observations and impressions to the ethnographic account of a fundamentalist Baptist church found in James Ault’s Spirit and Flesh.

Due Monday November 14 in class.  See separate handout.

 

Paper #3: (100 Points) Hometown Religious and Political Data Analysis

Each student will write a 6-8 page paper analyzing the religious demography and political orientation of his/her own hometown.  This paper will be based on denominational data available on the American Religion Data Archive webpage and county-level data on presidential vote choice from 2000 and 2004.  Due Monday December 12 at 5:00 p.m. via email or under Professor Schmalzbauer’s door.

 

Examinations (600 points total; 300 points each): There will be two examinations in this course.  They will test students only on the units leading up to the examination.  The final will not be cumulative.  Examinations will be a mixture of matching, multiple choice, short answer and essay questions.

 

Total Number of Points: 1,000

 

The following grading scale will be used:

 

A=90-100%

B=80-89%

C=70=79%

D=60-79%

F=Below 60%

 

If a student is on the border of a grade, the instructor will take into consideration the overall performance of the student, class participation, and amount of improvement.

 

Academic Honesty Policy: SMSU is a community of scholars committed to developing educated persons who accept the responsibility to practice personal and academic integrity.   You are responsible for knowing and following SMSU’s student honor code, Student Academic Integrity Policies and Procedures, available at www.smsu.edu/acadaff/AcademicIntegrity.html and also available at the Reserves Desk in Meyer Library. Any student participating in any form of academic dishonesty will be subject to sanctions as described in this policy.

 

Non-Discrimination Policy: SMSU is an equal opportunity/affirmative action institution, and maintains a grievance procedure available to any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against.  At all times, it is your right to address inquiries or concerns about possible discrimination to Jana Estergard, Equal Opportunity Officer, Siceluff Hall 296, (417)836-4252.  Other types of concerns (i.e., concerns of an academic nature) should be discussed directly with your instructor and can also be brought to the attention of your instructor’s Department Head.

 

Policy on Disability Accommodations: To request academic accommodations for a disability, contact Katheryne Staeger-Wilson, Director, Disability Services, Plaster Student Union, Suite 405, (417)836-4192 or (417)836-6792 (TTY), www.smsu.edu/disability.  Students are required to provide documentation of disability to Disability Services prior to receiving accommodations.  Disability Services refers some types of accommodation requests to the Learning Diagnostic Clinic, which also provides diagnostic testing for learning and psychological disabilities.  For information about testing, contact Dr. Steve Capps, Director, Learning Diagnostic Clinic, (417)836-4787, www.smsu.edu/contrib/ldc.

 

Religion at a State University: Consistent with Supreme Court decisions regarding the teaching of religion at public institutions (Abington v. Schempp 1963), this course approaches the study of religion from a non-confessional standpoint.  We will focus on describing and analyzing the place of religion in American culture, rather than arguing for one religious tradition or another.  Students are free to express or not to express their own beliefs in class.  Students will be evaluated strictly on the quality of their written work and class participation, not their religious views. 

 

Cell Phone Policy: Consistent with university policy, the use of cell phones in class is prohibited. Cell phones must be turned to “silent” mode during class.

 

Office Hours: Monday 3-5 p.m.; Tuesday 2-4 p.m.; Thursday 10:30-11:30 a.m.

 

Expectations for Reading: Students must complete the reading for each day before coming to class.  The readings will serve as the basis for lectures and discussions.

 


Introduction: Setting the Stage

Wednesday August 24: Defining the Bible Belt, Defining Conservative Protestantism

Reading: John Shelton Reed, “The South: Where is It?  What is It?”

http://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/REED/tears.html

 

Reading: Larry Eskridge,  “Defining Evangelicalism.” Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals.  www.wheaton.edu/isae/defining_evangelicalism.html

 

Reading: Charles Wilson Reagan, “The Southern Religious Culture: Distinctiveness and Social Change,” from Judgment and Grace in Dixie, 3-17.

 

Friday August 26: The “Celtic Thesis”—Plausible Theory or Racist Myth?

Reading: Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, “The Celtic South.”

Available at Academic Search Premier at http://library.smsu.edu/indexes/fulltext.php on campus

 

Reading: David Hackett Fischer, Abridged excerpts from Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG97/albion/albion2.html#speech (scroll to the top)

 

Reading: Kim Whalen, “Sons of Ulster: Scotch-Irish Descendants in 1880 Springfield, Missouri.”

http://history.smsu.edu/FTMiller/LocalHistory/Essays/S-IinSpfd.htm

 

Reading: Elliott J. Gorn and Michael Johnson reviews of McWhiney, Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways of the Old South. Handout.

 

Reading: Heidi Beirich and Mark Potok, “Little Men.” (Read article and click on McWhiney bio)

http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=509

 

 

Unit I: Bible Belt Beginnings

Monday August 29: Setting the Stage

Reading: John Boles, The Great Revival: Beginnings of the Bible Belt, ix-50.

 

Wednesday August 31: Revivalism in Kentucky and Beyond

Reading: John Boles, The Great Revival: Beginnings of the Bible Belt, 51-89.

 

Friday September 2: The Legacy of the “Great Revival”

Reading: John Boles, The Great Revival: Beginnings of the Bible Belt, 125-142; 183-203.

 

Wednesday September 7: Revivalism and the Ozarks

Reading: S.C. Turnbo, “The Strange Preacher and the Remarkable Influence He Had on Sinners.” From the Turnbo Manuscripts (from collection originally published in 1904 and 1907). http://thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org/lochist/turnbo/v26/st746.html

 

Reading: Robert Gilmore, “The Church as Entertainment” from OzarksWatch magazine. http://thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org/lochist/periodicals/ozarkswatch/ow50322.htm

 

Reading: “Testimony” from OzarksWatch magazine. 

http://thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org/lochist/periodicals/ozarkswatch/ow50347.htm

 

Reading: Thelma Bilyeu, “The Hundred Nights Revival of 1933” from OzarksWatch magazine.

http://thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org/lochist/periodicals/ozarkswatch/ow802e.htm

Friday September 9: Exploring the History of Pentecostalism        

Required Field Trip to Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center, 3:00-4:00 p.m.  For directions and map click on the following link: http://www.agheritage.org/.  Class is canceled for today.

 

Monday September 12: Pragmatism and Primitivism

Reading: Grant Wacker, Heaven Below: Early Pentecostals and American Culture, 1-34.

 

Wednesday September 14: Tongues and Testimony

Reading: Grant Wacker, Heaven Below: Early Pentecostals and American Culture, 35-69.

 

Friday September 16: Worship and Worldview

Reading: Grant Wacker, Heaven Below: Early Pentecostals and American Culture, 87-120.

 

Monday September 19: Contemporary Pentecostalism

Reading: Margaret Poloma, “Charisma and Structure in the Assemblies of God: Revisiting O’Dea’s Five Dilemmas.” http://www3.uakron.edu/sociology/AoGPastors02.pdf

 

Required Evening Lecture:  Margaret Poloma, 7:30 p.m. Strong Hall Room 1.

 

Wednesday September 21: Early Pentecostalism and American Society

Reading: Grant Wacker, Heaven Below: Early Pentecostals and American Culture, 197-250.

 

Friday September 23: Exploring Online Sources in Pentecostalism

Bring the article from the online periodical collection of the Flower Pentecostal Archives to class today.  Be prepared to discuss how you analyze it in your paper.

 

**Paper #1 on Pentecostal Periodical Article Due Today**

 

 

Unit II: Religion, Race, and Southern Culture

Monday September 26: Religion and Race in the Post-Bellum South

Reading: Paul Harvey, Freedom's Coming, 1-46.

 

Wednesday September 28: Movements for Change

Reading: Paul Harvey, Freedom's Coming, 47-106.

 

Friday September 30 Racial Interchange and Religion

Reading: Paul Harvey, Freedom's Coming, 107-168.

 

Monday October 3: Religion and the Civil Rights Struggle

Reading: Paul Harvey, Freedom’s Coming, 169-217.

 

Wednesday October 5: Religion, Race, and Political Conservatism

Reading; Paul Harvey, Freedom’s Coming, 218-256.

 

Friday October 7: Southern Civil Religion

Reading: Charles Reagan Wilson, Judgment and Grace in Dixie, 18-36. 

 

Discussion:  Analyze Martin Luther King, Jr’s “I Have A Dream Speech” in light of Wilson’s argument about Southern Civil Religion.  The speech is available at: www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/Ihaveadream.htm 

Monday October 10: Religion and Southern Visual Culture

Reading: Charles Reagan Wilson, Judgment and Grace in Dixie, 73-94; 159-178.

 

Wednesday October 12: Religion and the Southern Cult of Beauty

Reading: Charles Reagan Wilson, Judgment and Grace in Dixie, 144-158.

 

Friday October 14:  Examination #1

 

 

Unit III: Conservative Protestants Outside of the Bible Belt

Monday October 17: Overview of Evangelicalism

Reading: D.G. Hart, That Old-Time Religion in Modern America, 3-22.

 

Wednesday October 19: The Evangelical Subculture Emerges

Reading: D.G. Hart, That Old-Time Religion in Modern America, 24-83

 

Monday October 24: Evangelical Intellectual Life

Reading: D.G. Hart, That Old-Time Religion in Modern America, 115-143.

 

Wednesday October 26: The “Southernization of American Religion”

Reading: Mark Shibley, “Evangelicalism and the Spread of Southern Religion,” from Resurgent Evangelicalism in the United States, 23-41. Electronic Reserve.


Reading:Chris Kanaracus, “The Giving Giant,” from Worcester Magazine.

http://www.worcestermag.com/archives/2005/03-10-05/current/cover.shtml

 

Friday October 28: A Fundamentalist Baptist Congregation in New England

Reading: James Ault, Spirit and Flesh: Life in a Fundamentalist Baptist Church, ix-76.

 

Monday October 31: Gender and Fundamentalism

Reading: James Ault, Spirit and Flesh: Life in a Fundamentalist Baptist Church, 77-113.

 

Wednesday November 2: Getting to Know the Church Community

Reading: James Ault, Spirit and Flesh: Life in a Fundamentalist Baptist Church, 117-154.

 

Friday November 4: Filming Fundamentalists

Film: “Born Again” (James Ault)

 

Reading: James Ault, Spirit and Flesh: Life in a Fundamentalist Baptist Church, 221-245.

 

Monday November 7: Bible Study and Prayer

Reading: James Ault, Spirit and Flesh: Life in a Fundamentalist Baptist Church, 155-185.

 

Wednesday November 9: Morality and Tradition

Reading: James Ault, Spirit and Flesh: Life in a Fundamentalist Baptist Church, 186-217.

 

Friday November 11: The Standpoint of the Ethnographer

Reading: James Ault, Spirit and Flesh: Life in a Fundamentalist Baptist Church, 332-349.

 


Monday November 14: Debriefing from Visits to Fundamentalist Congregations

Come to class ready to talk about your visit to a fundamentalist congregation in Springfield and your paper.

 

**Paper #2 on Fundamentalist Church Visit Due Today**

 

 

Unit IV: Conservative Protestants and American Politics: Red State Religion?

Wednesday November 16:  Red State versus Blue State Religion

Reading: David Brooks, “One Nation, Slightly Divisible,” from the Atlantic Monthly.

http://pages.towson.edu/sovadia/SOCI243%5COne%20Nation,%20Slightly%20Divisible.htm

 

Reading: Thomas Frank, “Lie Down for America,” from Harpers.

http://www.wesjones.com/frank1.htm

 

Friday November 18: Do Evangelicals Want a “Christian America”?

Reading: Christian Smith, A Christian America? What Evangelicals Really Want, 1-60.

 

Monday November 21: Pluralism and Politics

Reading: Christian Smith, A Christian America? What Evangelicals Really Want, 61-128.

 

Monday November 28: Evangelicals and Gender

Reading: Christian Smith, A Christian America? What Evangelicals Really Want, 160-191.

 

Reading: Sally Gallagher, “The Marginalization of Evangelical Feminism.”

http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SOR/is_3_65/ai_n8693738/print

 

Wednesday November 30: Religion in the Southern Crossroads Region

Reading: William Lindsey, “At the Crossroads,” in Religion and Public Life in the Southern Crossroads, 9-25.

 

Friday December 2: Religious Makeup of the Southern Crossroads States

Reading: Bill Leonard, “The Southern Crossroads: Religion and Demography,” in Religion and Public Life in the Southern Crossroads, 27-54.

 

Reading: Jane Harris, “Holiness and Pentecostal Traditions: Making the Spirit Count,” in Religion and Public Life in the Southern Crossroads, 79-102.

 

Monday December 5: Culture Wars in the Southern Crossroads States

Reading: Andrew Manis, “From Denominational Controversialists to Culture Warriors,” in Religion and Public Life in the Southern Crossroads, 55-77.

 

Reading: Cheryl Kirk-Duggan, “African-American and Native American Religious Folk: Down But Not Out,” in Religion and Public Life in the Southern Crossroads, 127-159.

 

Wednesday December 7: Red or Blue?  Analyzing Hometown Religious and Political Data

Bring religious and political data on your hometown/home county to class today.  See handout for Paper #3.

 

**Paper #3 on Hometown Religious and Political Data Due Monday December 12 at 5 p.m.**